Strategies to enhance energy sustainability in line with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) case of Puntland, Somalia

This study examines strategies for enhancing energy sustainability in Puntland State, Somalia, with a focus on progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7), which aims to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. The study adopted a mixed-methods research design combining descriptive and exploratory approaches. Quantitative data were collected from households and businesses using structured questionnaires, while qualitative data were obtained through key informant interviews and focus group discussions with government officials, energy service providers, NGOs, and development partners. Secondary data were sourced from policy documents and energy sector reports. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The findings indicate that Puntland’s energy sector is dominated by private providers relying largely on diesel generation, resulting in high electricity costs and limited renewable energy penetration. Although access to electricity has improved in urban areas, affordability, reliability, and environmental sustainability remain major challenges. Institutional weaknesses, limited financing, and technical capacity constraints hinder the achievement of SDG 7. The study concludes that energy sustainability in Puntland requires strengthened energy governance, increased investment in renewable energy technologies, and enhanced community participation. It recommends policy reforms, expansion of solar and wind energy systems, and innovative financing mechanisms. This study provides empirical evidence on energy sustainability in a fragile and post-conflict context, offering context-specific insights to inform policy and practice toward achieving SDG 7 in Puntland.