Phytochemicals in malaria treatment: Mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy

Malaria is an illness caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes and is still a worldwide threat today, further complicated by emerging resistance to antimalarial drugs. Plant-derived bioactive compounds known as phytochemicals can be used as an alternative or complementary treatment to chemical-based antimalarial drugs. Aim: This narrative review aims to discuss the mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy of various phytochemicals in malaria treatment. Methodology: Reputable science-based databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, were used to a great extent to obtain data on this subject within the last decade. The impact of artemisinin, quinine, curcumin, nimbolide, berberine, and other related compounds on the Plasmodium parasites and their effects on growth and the host immune response were examined. The in vitro and in vivo investigations along with comprehensive clinical trials that compare the mechanism, efficiency, toxicity, and applicability of these phytochemicals in today’s therapeutic management procedures were discussed. Results: The study highlights the importance of phytochemicals in malaria control, particularly in developing treatment protocols and preventing drug resistance. It calls for further research to enhance the effectiveness of phytochemical-based treatments, explore synergistic effects, and address current shortcomings in malaria treatment. Conclusion: These results suggest that phytochemicals can be valuable components of a holistic approach to treat malaria and may actively contribute to worldwide initiatives for eliminating malaria.