Reliability and maintainability analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Systems in rural regions: A narrative review of challenges, strategies, and policy implications for sustainable electrification

The increasing adoption of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems plays a critical role in advancing sustainable energy, particularly in regions with limited or no grid access. However, the long-term performance, reliability, and maintainability of these systems in challenging environments remain a pressing concern. This narrative review investigates key factors impacting the sustainability of solar PV systems, focusing specifically on Uganda's Lango region. The study identifies significant challenges, including harsh environmental conditions, limited availability of certified components, and insufficient maintenance infrastructure, which collectively lead to system inefficiencies and reduced operational lifespans. To address these challenges, the review evaluates strategies such as the implementation of preventive and predictive maintenance practices, capacity-building programs for local technicians, and the introduction of government-supported policies aimed at reducing the cost of quality components. Furthermore, the findings underscore the importance of strengthening local supply chains, promoting community-led maintenance initiatives, and expanding technical support networks. The study concludes that a multi-pronged approach integrating technical, policy, and community-driven solutions is vital for enhancing the resilience, viability, and longevity of solar PV systems in resource-constrained settings. These recommendations offer actionable pathways to ensure sustained energy access and foster the broader adoption of solar PV technology in underserved regions.