Impact of dust accumulation on solar photovoltaic panel performance and the efficacy of cleaning methods: A review of technological innovations and regional considerations

Dust accumulation on solar photovoltaic (PV) panels significantly impairs their performance by blocking sunlight, leading to a reduction in energy output. This study investigates various factors influencing PV efficiency and explores the impact of cleaning methods, such as manual, automated, and natural (rainfall), with a particular focus on rural regions like Nansana, Kampala, where dust deposition fluctuates due to seasonal and environmental variations. The findings reveal that dust accumulation contributes to a significant portion of the loss in PV performance. The study reviews recent advancements in PV cleaning technologies, such as robotic cleaning systems and dust-repellent coatings, and assesses the trade-offs between initial investment costs and long-term improvements in system efficiency and energy yield. The analysis emphasizes the need for tailored cleaning schedules, the selection of appropriate cleaning methods, and the incorporation of innovations like AI-powered robotic cleaners to optimize PV system performance. The study concludes that a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of dust accumulation, coupled with effective, context-specific cleaning strategies, is essential for maintaining peak PV efficiency. Such strategies not only enhance energy output but also improve the economic feasibility of solar energy, making it a more reliable and sustainable energy source in regions impacted by dust-related performance degradation.