Enhancement of organic solar cell performance through architectural innovations and incorporation of nanomaterials: A review

The global rise in energy demand driven by population growth has spurred scientists to explore novel, cost-effective, and sustainable renewable energy alternatives to replace fossil fuels. Among the most promising photovoltaic technologies addressing the energy crisis are organic solar cells (OSCs). These cells boast remarkable features, including flexibility, partial transparency, eco-friendliness, solution-based processing, and low manufacturing costs. Despite rapid advancements in OSC technology, challenges such as low power conversion efficiency, poor durability, and degradation have hindered large-scale production and implementation. Numerous effective strategies have been developed to enhance light absorption, charge transfer, and exciton recombination in OSCs. This review article discusses the core concept of OSCs, offering a comprehensive examination of their architecture, fundamental operating mechanisms, and classification. Additionally, it addresses common defects observed in OSCs. The study further elucidates how interfacial engineering, innovative materials, and plasmonic nanomaterials can be utilized to improve light absorption, charge transfer, and exciton recombination, thereby boosting the efficiency and stability of OSCs.