Critical elements of a novel conceptual satellite internet acquisition readiness framework for Institutions of Higher Learning in Kenya: A Systematic Review

Institutions of higher learning (IHLs) in Kenya face persistent digital connectivity challenges that constrain research, teaching, and administrative functions. Satellite internet technologies, particularly low Earth orbit (LEO) constellations such as Starlink, offer potential solutions; however, no comprehensive, institution level readiness assessment framework exists for this context. This study presents a PRISMA guided systematic literature review of 27 peer reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025, synthesising critical elements required for satellite internet acquisition readiness in Kenyan IHLs. Thematic analysis identified six readiness dimensions: technical infrastructure, economic feasibility, socio cultural factors, policy and regulatory compliance, environmental considerations, and organisational capacity. These dimensions integrate constructs from the Technology Readiness Index 2.0 (TRI 2.0), the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), Technology Readiness Levels (TRL), and the Five Lenses Analytical Framework. A novel conceptual readiness model is proposed as a foundation for a Satellite Internet Acquisition Readiness Assessment Framework (SIARAF). The model requires future empirical validation through expert consensus methods and quantitative surveys in Kenyan higher education institutions.